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![]() ![]() Tujuan dari IB yaitu untuk memudahkan interpretasi dari jumlah data yang besar tersebut. Mengidentifikasi kesempatan yang baru dan mengimplementasikan suatu strategi yang efektif berdasarkan wawasan dapat menyediakan bisnis suatu keuntungan pasar yang kompetitif dan stabilitas jangka panjang. Fungsi- fungsi umum dari teknologi inteligensi bisnis adalah pelaporan, pemrosesan analisis daring, analitis, penggalian data, penggalian proses, pemrosesan kejadian kompleks, manajemen performansi bisnis, pengukuran, penggalian teks, analitis prediktif dan analitis preskriptif. IB dapat digunakan untuk mendukung sejumlah besar keputusan bisnis mulai dari operasi sampai strategis. Keputusan operasi termasuk penempatan dan harga produk. Keputusan strategis termasuk prioritas, tujuan dan arah pada tingkat yang lebih luas. Pada semua kasus, IB lebih efektif bila digabungkan dengan data yang didapat dari pasar tempat perusahaan beroperasi (data eksternal) dengan data dari sumber internal bisnis perusahaan seperti data operasi dan finansial (data internal). Bila digabungkan, data eksternal dan internal bisa menyediakan gambaran yang lebih lengkap, yang efeknya, menciptakan . Devens menggunakan istilah tersebut untuk menjelaskan bagaimana seorang bankir, Sir Henry Furnese, mendapatkan profit dengan memainkan informasi tentang lingkungannya, sebelum kompetitornya. Berita- berita dari banyak pertempuran pertama kali diterima olehnya, dan jatuhnya Namur menambah keuntungannya, berkat penerimaan paling awal dari berita. Kemampuan untuk mengumpulkan dan bereaksi berdasarkan informasi yang diterima, suatu kemampuan yang Furnese sangat handal, sampai sekarang masih menjadi jantung dari IB. Dia menggunakan definisi kamus Webster tentang inteligensi: . SPK berasal dari model dibantu- komputer yang dibuat untuk membantu dalam pembuatan keputusan dan perencanaan. Dari SPK, gudang data, Sistem Informasi Eksekutif, OLAP dan inteligensi bisnis muncul menjadi fokus pada akhir 8. Di tahun 1. 98. 8, konsorsium Itali- Belanda- Prancis- Inggris melaksanakan pertemuan internasional tentang Analisis Data Ragamcara di Roma. Suatu gudang data mengandung salinan dari data analitis yang memfalisitasi pendukungan keputusan. Namun, tidak semua layanan gudang data untuk inteligensi bisnis, tidak juga semua aplikasi inteligensi bisnis membutuhkan sebuah gudang data. Untuk membedakan antara konsep dari inteligensi bisnis dan gudang data, Forrester Research mendefinisikan inteligensi bisnis dengan satu atau dua cara: Menggunakan definisi luas: . Oleh karena itu, Forrester mengacu pada persiapan data dan penggunaan data sebagai dua bagian yang terpisah tetapi pada segmen yang berkaitan dekat dari susunan arsitektur inteligensi- bisnis. Forrester mendefinisikan pasar inteligensi- bisnis yang lebih kecil sebagai, . Jika dipahami secara luas, inteligensi bisnis bisa mengikutkan bagian dari inteligensi kompetitif. Analitis bisnis, di sisi lain, menggunakan alat statistik dan kuantitatif untuk pemodelan yang prediktif dan bisa dijelaskan. Dalam definisi ini, analitis bisnis adalah bagian dari IB yang berfokus pada statistik, prediksi, dan optimisasi, bukan melaporkan fungsionalitas. Biasanya mengikutkan: penggalian data, penggalian proses, analisis statistik, analitis prediksi, pemodelan prediksi, pemodelan proses bisnis, silsilah data, pemrosesan kejadian kompleks dan analitis preskriptif. Pelaporan/pelaporan perusahaan - program yang membangun infrastruktur untuk laporan strategis untuk melayani manajemen strategis dari suatu bisnis, bukan pelaporan operasional. Seringkali mengikutkan visualisasi data, sistem informasi eksekutif dan OLAP. Kolaborasi/platform kolaborasi - program yang membuat wilayah yang berbeda (baik dalam dan luar bisnis) bekerja sama lewat berbagi data dan pertukaran data elektronik. Manajemen pengetahuan - program yang membuat data perusahaan diarahkan oleh strategi dan praktik untuk mengidentifikasi, membuat, merepresentasikan, menyalurkan, dan mengadopsi wawasan dan pengalaman yang benar- benar berpengetahuan bisnis. Manajemen pengetahuan mengarah ke manajemen pembelajaran dan penyesuaian peraturan. Sebagai tambahan dari yang di atas, inteligensi bisnis bisa menyediakan pendekatan pro- aktif, seperti fungsi peringatan yang secara langsung mengingatkan pengguna jika suatu kondisi tertentu tercapai. Sebagai contohnya, jika suatu metrik bisnis melampaui batas yang telah ditentukan, metrik tersebut akan diwarnai dalam laporan standar, dan ahli analis bisnis diperingatkan lewat email atau layanan pengawasan lainnya. Proses ini membutuhkan pengaturan data, yang seharusnya ditangani oleh ahlinya. Proyek IB bisa mendapatkan prioritas tinggi dalam organisasi jika manajer mempertimbangkan hal- hal berikut: Seperti yang dijelaskan oleh Kimball . Untuk mendukung pendekatan ini, organisasi harus memiliki arsitektur bisnis yang dapat menentukan proyek bisnis yang sesuai. Menggunakan suatu metodologi yang terstruktur dan kuantitatif untuk menciptakan prioritas yang dapat dipertahankan sejajar dengan kebutuhan sebenarnya dari organisasi, seperti matriks keputusan berbobot. Namun, seperti yang Kimball dkk. Dukungan bisnis yang baik harus memiliki pengaruh kuat dalam organisasi dan harus berhubungan baik dalam organisasi. Ideal bila pendukung bisnis menuntut tetapi juga harus mampu bersikap realistik dan suportif jika implementasi menghadapi keterlambatan atau kekurangan. Sokongan manajemen juga harus mampu mengasumsikan akuntabilitas dan bertanggung jawab terhadap kegagalan dan kemunduran dari proyek. Dukungan dari berbagai anggota manajemen memastikan proyek tidak gagal jika salah seorang keluar dari grup utama. Namun, banyaknya manajer yang bekerja sama dalam proyek bisa juga berarti akan adanya kepentingan berbeda yang mencoba menarik proyek ke arah yang berbeda, seperti jika suatu departemen menginginkan pengaruh penggunaan yang lebih kuat pada sisinya. Masalah ini bisa diatasi dengan analisis yang spesifik dari awal terhadap wilayah bisnis yang menguntungkan implementasi kesemuanya. Semua pemegang saham dalam proyek harus berpartisipasi dalam analisis dengan tujuan supaya mereka merasakan kepemilikan dari proyek dan untuk menemukan kesamaan. Permasalahan manajemen yang lain yang harus dihadapi sebelum memulai implementasi yaitu jika pendukung bisnis terlalu agresif. Jika individu manajemen terbawa oleh kemungkinan- kemungkinan penggunaan IB dan mulai menginginkan implementasi GD atau IB untuk memasukan beberapa kumpulan data yang berbeda yang pada tahap perencanaan awal tidak diikutkan. Namun, karena implementasi tambahan dari data tambahan bisa menambah jumlah waktu dari rencana semula, akan lebih bijak untuk memastikan orang dari manajemen sadar dari aksi mereka. Karena keterkaitan yang dekat dengan senior manajemen, hal penting yang harus diperhatikan sebelum proyek dimulai adalah apakah ada kebutuhan bisnis dan apakah jelas keuntungan bisnis dengan melakukan implementasi. Alasan lain untuk pendekatan berbasis- bisnis untuk implementasi IB adalah akuisisi organisasi lain untuk memperbesar organisasi awal terkadang menguntungkan untuk mengimplementasikan GD atau IB dengan tujuan untuk membuat pengawasan yang lebih. Perusahaan yang mengimplementasikan IB biasanya organisasi yang besar dan multinasional dengan cabang yang beragam. Sebelum implementasi sebaiknya dilakukan pemrofilan data terlebih dahulu. Analisis ini mengidentifikasi . Hal ini sebaiknya dilakukan seawal mungkin dalam proses dan jika analis memperlihatkan bahwa datanya kurang, tangguhkan proyek untuk sementara sambil departemen IT memikirkan bagaimana mengumpulkan data secara benar. Saat merencanakan untuk kebutuhan- kebutuhan data bisnis dan inteligensi bisnis, selalu disarankan untuk mempertimbangkan skenario tertentu yang berlaku untuk organisasi tertentu, dan kemudian memilih fitur- fitur inteligensi bisnis yang cocok untuk skenario tersebut. Terkadang, skenario berkembang di sekitar proses- proses bisnis yang berbeda, tiap- tiapnya dibangun dari satu atau lebih sumber data. Sumber- sumber tersebut digunakan oleh fitur- fitur yang menggambarkan data tersebut sebagai informasi untuk pengetahuan pekerja, yang selanjutnya beraksi terhadap informasi tersebut. Kebutuhan bisnis dari organisasi untuk setiap proses bisnis yang diadopsi bergantung pada langkah- langkah penting dari inteligensi bisnis. Langkah- langkah penting dari inteligensi bisnis ini mengikutkan, tetapi tidak terbatas pada, hal- hal berikut: Langsung ke sumber data untuk mengumpulkan data yang dibutuhkan. Mengubah data bisnis menjadi informasi dan berikan secara tepat. Query dan analisis data. Beraksi terhadap data yang terkumpulkan. Aspek kualitas dalam inteligensi bisnis harus mencakup semua proses dari sumber data sampai pelaporan akhir. Pada setiap langkah, gerbang kualitas- nya berbeda: Sumber data. Standarisasi data: agar data dapat dibandingkan (unit yang sama, pola yang sama, dsb.)Manajemen Master Data: referensial yang unik. Penyimpanan data operasional. Pembersihan data: mendeteksi dan mengoreksi data yang salah. Pemrofilan data: memeriksa nilai yang salah atau kosong. Gudang data. Kelengkapan: memeriksa apakah semua data telah dimuat. 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In mainland China, Cantonese serves as a principal lingua franca in the southern provinces of Guangdong and Guangxi, as well as being the majority language of the Pearl River Delta. In the two special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau, Cantonese is listed as one of their official languages. The language is also spoken amongst overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia (most notably in Vietnam and Malaysia, as well as in Cambodia, Singapore and Indonesia to a lesser extent) and throughout the Western world. While the term Cantonese refers specifically to the prestige variety, it is often used in a broader sense for the entire Yue branch of Chinese, including related but largely mutually unintelligible languages and dialects such as Taishanese. When Cantonese and the closely related Yuehai dialects are classified together, there are about 8. Sentence structure, in particular the placement of verbs, sometimes differs between the three varieties. A notable difference between Cantonese and Mandarin is how the spoken word is written; both can be recorded verbatim but very few Cantonese speakers are knowledgeable in the full Cantonese written vocabulary, so a non- verbatim formalised written form is adopted which is more akin to the Mandarin written form. Cantonese proper is the variety native to the city of Canton, which is the traditional English name of Guangzhou. This narrow sense may be specified as . In Guangdong province, people also call it . Given the traditional predominance of Cantonese within Hong Kong, it is the de facto official spoken form of the Chinese language used in the Hong Kong Government and all courts and tribunals. It is also used as the medium of instruction in schools, alongside English. A similar situation also exists in neighboring Macau, where Chinese is an official language along with Portuguese. As in Hong Kong, Cantonese is the predominant spoken variety of Chinese used in everyday life and is thus the official form of Chinese used in the government. The Cantonese spoken in Hong Kong and Macau is mutually intelligible with the Cantonese spoken in the mainland city of Guangzhou, although there exists some minor differences in accent, pronunciation and vocabulary. The variant spoken in Hong Kong and Macau is known as Hong Kong Cantonese. Standard Cantonese and closely related dialects are highlighted in pink. Cantonese first developed around the port city of Guangzhou in the Pearl River Delta region of southeastern China. Due to the city's long standing as an important cultural center, Cantonese emerged as the prestige dialect of the Yue varieties of Chinese in the Southern Song dynasty and its usage spread around most of what is now the provinces of Guangdong and Guangxi. Despite the cession of Macau to Portugal in 1. Hong Kong to Britain in 1. Chinese population of the two territories largely originated from the 1. Guangzhou and surrounding areas, making Cantonese the prominent Chinese language in the territories. On the mainland, Cantonese continued to serve as the lingua franca of Guangdong and Guangxi provinces even after Mandarin was made the official language of the government by the Qing Dynasty in the early 1. Cantonese remained the dominant and influential language in southeastern China, despite the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1. Mandarin as the sole official language of the nation throughout the mid- 2. While the Chinese government discourages the use of all forms of Chinese except Standard Mandarin, Cantonese enjoys a relatively higher standing than other Chinese languages, with its own media and usage in public transportations in Guangdong province. A 2. 01. 0 proposal to switch some programming on Guangzhou television from Cantonese to Mandarin was abandoned following massive public protests, the largest since the Tiananmen Square protests of 1. As a major economic center of China, there have been recent concerns that the use of Cantonese in Guangzhou is diminishing in favour of Mandarin, both through the continual influx of Mandarin- speaking migrants from poorer areas and strict government policies. As a result, Cantonese is being given a more important status by the natives than ever before as a common identity of the local people. However, a large number of speakers have been influenced by Vietnamese, and hence speak with a Vietnamese accent or code- switch between Cantonese and Vietnamese. While Teochew speakers form the majority of the Chinese population in Cambodia, Cantonese is often used as a vernacular in commerce and with other Chinese variant groups in the country. Cantonese is the fourth most- spoken variety of Chinese in Thai Chinese households after Teochew, Hakka and Hainanese. Chinese- language schools in Thailand have also traditionally been conducted in Cantonese. Furthermore, Cantonese serves as the lingua franca with other Chinese communities in the nation. Cantonese is spoken by a little over 1. Chinese households in Singapore. Despite the government's active promotion of SMC, the Cantonese- speaking Chinese community has had relative success in preserving its language against Mandarin compared to other dialect groups. Cantonese drama series on terrestrial TV channels are instead dubbed in Mandarin and broadcast without the original Cantonese audio and soundtrack. However, originals may be available through other sources such as cable television and internet videos. Furthermore, an offshoot of SMC is the translation to Hanyu Pinyin of certain terms which originated from southern Chinese varieties. For instance, dim sum is often known as dianxin in Singapore's English- language media, though this is largely a matter of style, and most Singaporeans will refer to dim sum when speaking English. Forms of popular culture from Hong Kong, such as television dramas, cinema and pop music have become popular in Singaporean society, and non- dubbed original versions of the media are widely available. Consequently, there has been a large of number of non- Cantonese Chinese Singaporeans being able to understand or speak Cantonese, with a number of educational institutes offering Cantonese as an elective language course. The language is also widely spoken in the state of Perak, especially in the state capital city of Ipoh, as well as in the eastern state of Sabah in which it is spoken in the eastern town of Sandakan. Although Hokkien is the most spoken variety of Chinese and Mandarin is the medium of education at Chinese- language schools, Cantonese is largely influential in the local Chinese- language media and is used as a commercial speech by Chinese Malaysians in and around regions where Cantonese is prominent. Television networks in Malaysia regularly broadcast Hong Kong television programmes in their original Cantonese audio and soundtrack. Cantonese radio is also available in the nation and Cantonese is prevalent in locally- produced Chinese television. However, it has a relatively minor presence compared to other Southeast Asian nations, being the fourth most spoken Chinese variety after Hokkien, Hakka and Mandarin. North America. Cantonese has traditionally been the dominant Chinese variant among Chinese populations in the Western world. Over a period of 1. Guangdong has been the place- of- origin for most Chinese emigrants to Western nations; one coastal county, Taishan (or T. Chinese is the third most widely spoken non- English language in the United States when both Cantonese and Mandarin are combined, behind Spanish and French. The most popular romanization for learning Cantonese in the United States is Yale Romanization. The majority of Chinese emigrants have traditionally originated from Guangdong and Guangxi, as well as Hong Kong (beginning in the latter half of the 2. Handover) and Southeast Asia, with Cantonese as their native language. However, more recent immigrants are arriving from the rest of mainland China and Taiwan and most often speak Standard Mandarin (Putonghua) as their native language. As a result, Mandarin is becoming more common among the Chinese American community. The increase of Mandarin- speaking communities has resulted in the rise of separate neighborhoods or enclaves segregated by the primary Chinese variety spoken. Socioeconomic statuses are also a factor as well. The newly emerged Little Fuzhou eastern portion of Manhattan's Chinatown and Brooklyn's main large Chinatown in and around Sunset Park are mostly populated by Fuzhounese speakers, who often speak Mandarin as well. The Cantonese and Fuzhounese enclaves in New York City are more working class. Flushing's large Chinatown, which now holds the crown as the largest Chinatown of the city and Elmhurst's smaller Chinatown in Queens are very mixed with large numbers of Mandarin speakers from many different parts of China and Taiwan. They comprise the primary cultural center for New York City's Chinese population and are more middle class. In contrast, Southern California hosts a much larger Mandarin- speaking population, with Cantonese found in more historical Chinese communities such as that of Chinatown, Los Angeles and older Chinese ethnoburbs such as San Gabriel, Rosemead and Temple City. This has led to a linguistic discrimination that has also contributed to social conflicts between the two sides, with a growing number of Chinese Americans (including American- born Chinese) of Cantonese background defending the historic Chinese American culture against the impacts of increasing Mandarin- speaking new arrivals. According to the Canada 2. Census, there were nearly 3. Canadian residents who reported Cantonese as their native language. |
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